TreeFlow - Salt River - Tonto Creek, AZ

Lower Colorado Basin

Salt River - Tonto Creek, AZ

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Calibration & Verification

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Long-term Reconstruction

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Background

In 2008, David Meko and Katie Hirschboeck, scientists from the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, developed a reconstruction of Gila River flow in central Arizona. This reconstruction was part of a larger research project funded by the the Salt River Project, to reconstruct flow in the Salt River watershed. From this project, individual reconstructions were developed for the Gila River, the Verde River, the sum of Salt River-Tonto Creek, and the sum of Salt River-Verde River-Tonto Creek.

Tree-ring cores collected in 2005 were combined with existing collections to produce streamflow reconstructions covering the period 1332-2005. One main conclusion from an analysis of the reconstruction is that despite the single-year severity of drought in 1996 and 2002, the recent drought was by no means unique in the long-term record. Nor was the multi-year persistence of 1996-2006 drought without precedence in the reconstruction. Additional information about this collaborative project is available here.

Using an increment borer, a pencil-thick core sample is extracted from a living Douglas-fir tree in eastern Arizona. This technique is non-destructive, and most trees typically heal over the modest injury within a few years. Sampling living trees establishes the absolute datum in time for a tree-ring chronology.

Metadata

Gage Information

This record is the arithmetic sum of the flows at the individual gages listed below.

1914-2007:
Salt River near Roosevelt
USGS Gage: 09498500

1914-1940:
Tonto Creek near Roosevelt
USGS Gage: 09499500

1941-2007:
Tonto Creek above Gun Creek
USGS Gage:09499000

Observed Record

Period: 1914-2004

Mean flow: 749,230 af
Median flow: 546,230 af
Minimum: (2000) 147,150 af
Maximum: (1993) 2,744,301 af

Reconstructed Record

Period: 1361-2005

Mean flow: 755,910 af
Median flow: 666,000 af
Minimum: (2002) 145,832 af
Maximum: (1594) 2,871,695 af

Calibration & Verification

Methods For the Salt River Project, Meko and Hirschboeck drew from a pool of 25 pinyon pine, Douglas-fir, and ponderosa pine tree-ring chronologies. Using a technique involving principal components analysis, the individual chronologies were filtered, scaled, and weighted for emphasis as a robust estimate of flow for the Gila River. The final calibration model was fit as a Loess curve on the scatter plot of observed flows and the first principal component, as derived from the tree-ring data. Noise-added confidence intervals were calculated with bootstrap sampling of the loess cross-validation residuals. An overview of these methods and the verification procedures are summarized in the final report to the Salt River Project, and explained in detail in a research paper by Meko and Hirschboeck.

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the relationship between the gage record and the final reconstruction in scatter and time plots. Figure 3 illustrates the full length reconstruction with confidence intervals and Figure 4 illustrates a 10-year running average of the reconstruction to emphasize long-term variability.

Figure 1. A scatter plot of observed and reconstructed Salt River-Tonto Creek flow in thousands of acre-feet are shown for water years (October-September) 1914-2004.

Figure 2. Observed (black) and reconstructed (blue) Salt River - Tonto Creek water year flow in thousands of acre-feet, 1914-2004. The instrumental period mean is shown by the horizontal black line.

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Long-Term Reconstruction

Figure 3. Long-term reconstruction of Salt River - Tonto Creek flow in thousands of acre-feet are shown in blue from 1361-2005 .Observed flow is shown in black, and the long term mean is shown by the horizontal black line. Roll over the images with the cursor to view the 95% confidence limits around the reconstruction.

Figure 4. The ten-year running mean (average flow over 10-year period, plotted for final year) of Salt River - Tonto Creek flow in thousands of acre-feet, 1361-2005. Reconstructed values are shown in blue, and instrumental values are shown in black. The long term reconstructed mean is shown by the horizontal black line. Roll over the images with the cursor to view the 95% confidence limits around the reconstruction.

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